The Almost Forgotten

Tokugawa Ieyasu was a powerful daimyo, who served both Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi loyally, and patiently, all the while growing in power. When those two were gone, however, it was his chance, and his turn, to rule Japan. He completed the unification of Japan, and created a new dynasty that lasted for more than two centuries.

The Sengoku period’s disorder seemed to have ended as Oda Nobunaga unified much of Japan. But his murder threatened to return the country back into civil war, until Toyotomi Hideyoshi stepped in and took control, creating an even more unified government and instituting major reforms.

The end of the Sengoku Jidai, or Warring States Period, in Japan, was ushered in by Oda Nobunaga. Nobunaga pulled much of Honshu under his rule, and began the transition to united rule that would lead to the Tokugawa Shogunate.

This episode, we return to eastern Europe to finish up the stories of Jogaila, who had become king of Poland, and Vytautas, who ruled as the Grand Duke of Lithuania. Theoretically Jogaila was Vytautas’s sovereign, and although at times it produced some tension, in 1410, they were in a tight alliance, ready to go to war as allies.

For the next two episodes, we’ll look at Jogaila and Vytautas, two men who helped shaped eastern Europe for centuries to come. Together, they paved a path that would join a rapidly growing Lithuania with Poland, push back threats from the west, hold sway over lands to their east, and create a state that dominated the region for centuries.

Count Amadeus VI of Savoy was from a small mountain county of the Holy Roman Empire in the western Alps, and helped turn it into what would eventually be one of the most important states in early modern Europe.

Rajendra I, Emperor of the Chola, ruled southern India in the 11th century. Rajendra’s father expanded the Chola empire to become the dominant power in southern India, and Rajendra grew it well beyond that, to become the dominant power around the whole Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.

Eumenes II brought the Kingdom of Pergamon to its greatest height, and helped make the city into something that would be influential for centuries. He did what he had to do to keep his kingdom strong and independent, but the price he paid for that helped sow the seed of Roman domination throughout the Eastern Mediterranean.

Attalus led Pergamon in the latter half of the 3rd century BC, as it grew from a small city to a major player in the Mediterranean in the span of a couple of generations. They took on the most powerful Hellenistic Kingdoms of the day, allied with the Roman Republic, and became a center of Hellenistic culture for a century.

Isar Samy was king of Ebla during its golden age, the 24th century BC. Ebla ruled a kingdom in northwest Syria that traded with Egypt, Sumer, and beyond, and manage to preserve a collection of some of the oldest written texts ever found.

Turenne was a major figure in France during the golden age of the Ancien Regime. Napoleon said his “audacity grew with years and experience” as some of his greatest victories were when he was in his mid-60s. He was a great general in an age of greats, a brilliant strategist, and was a supporter of the common soldier in an age of aristocracy.

Frederick II was the grandson of Barbarossa and of Roger the Great of Sicily. He inherited kingdoms from both lineages, and then lost and regained them both. He wound up ruling a vast territory and at least in some of his lands, began shaping his kingdom in a way that would be a lead-in to post-feudal Europe, even if he didn’t quite get there himself.

Frederick Barbarossa was succeeded by his sons, Henry and Philip. Both were capable rulers who looked to follow in their father’s footsteps and expand imperial power. Henry had significant successes, but neither lived long enough to truly become remarkable emperors. And they were succeeded by the rival Welf clan, although that King, Otto, didn’t last too long on the throne, either.

Frederick Barbarossa was Holy Roman Emperor in the 12th century. He forced his way into the imperial office, and then forced the office back into relevance after a century or so of decline. He was an incredibly energetic leader, a strong general and politician. He expanded the power of his empire, and is considered one of the greatest of the Holy Roman Emperors.

Yuknoom led the powerful Maya kingdom ruled by Snake Dynasty. He installed vassal kings in neighboring cities and succeeded in dividing the royal line of his main rival, the city of Tikal. He eventually sacked Tikal itself, and continued to grow the power and influence of his city, in what many historians consider the golden age for the Snake Kingdom.

Harsha took over a growing kingdom in eastern Punjab, during a time of divided polities after the collapse of the huge Gupta Empire. He expanded his lands east along the Ganges river, absorbing kingdoms along the way, before uniting lands to the west and further south, eventually creating an empire that ruled almost all of Northern India.

Kanishka led the Kushan Empire at its height, connecting China and India to lands west in the early era of the Silk Road. Kanishka was a strong leader who expanded the empire, stabilized it, and help connect cultures and cultural ideas across Asia.

Mithridates took charge of a relatively small kingdom that nominally held lands south and east of the Caspian sea. By the end of his reign, he had turned it into a powerful empire that ruled from Syria to India, and had grown to be the major rival to the power to their west, the Roman Empire.

Bardylis united the tribes of Illyria in the late 5th and early 4th century BC, created a powerful kingdom that held sway over Macedon and threatened the Peloponnese, and may have helped drive the development of the combined warfare that would allow Alexander to conquer the Persian Empire.

Argishti ruled the ancient kingdom of Urartu, located in today's Armenia and Eastern Turkey. During Argishti's reign in the 8th century BC, Urartu held sway over its powerful neighbor, the Neo-Assyrian Empire